توجہ خسار ہایپر ایکٹیوٹی ڈس آرڈر: گردانَن مَنٛز فَرَق

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گَردان 18:00, 30 سَتَمبَر 2024 بَجے

توجہ خسار ہایپر ایکٹیوٹی ڈس آرڈر (ADHD) چھُ نیورو ڈیولوپمینٹ قسمک اَکھ ذہنی عارضہ۔^[1]^[2] امچ خصوصیت چھِ توجہ دنس مَنٛز دشوٲری، ضرورت کھوتہٕ زیٛادٕ سرگرمی، تہٕ نتائجن بغأر عمل کرن، یُس نہٕ دیمہٕ صورتہٕ مَنٛز کنہٕ شخصہٕ سندٕ عمرٕ خاطرٕ موزوں آسہٕ نہٕ۔^[3]^[4] ADHD سٟتؠ دوچار کنہہ افراد چھ جذباتن منظم کرنس مَنٛز دۄشوٲری یا انتظامی افعالس سٟتؠ مسائل تہٕ ظٲہِر کران۔^[5]^[6]^[7]^[4] تشخیص خٲطرٕ، پزٕ علامات کٲسہٕ شخصن بہہ ورین برونٹھ ظٲہر گژھن، شیٚن رؠتن کھۄتہٕ زیٛادٕ روزن، تہٕ کم از کم دۄن ترتیبن مَنٛز دشواری پٲدٕ کرن (یَتھ کٔنؠ سکول، گرٕ، یا تفریحی سرگرمیہٕ) ۔^[8]^[9] بچن مَنٛز، توجہ دنک مسائل چھِ سکوٗلچ خراب کارکردگی ہنٛد نتیجہٕ۔^[3] امہٕ علاوٕ، چھُ باقٕے ذہنی خرابین تہٕ منشیاتچ غلط استعمالس سٟتؠ اَکھ تعلق۔^[10] اگرچہ یہِ خراب گژھنک سبب چھ بنان، خاص طور پٲٹھؠ جدید معاشرس مَنٛز، ADHD سٟتؠ دوچار واریہ لوکھ ہیکن تمن کامین کن مستقل توجہ دتھ یم تمن دلچسپ یا ثٲبت چھ آسان (یَتھ ہایپر فوکس ونان چھ) ۔^[11]^[12]

بَچن تہٕ نوعمرن مَنٛز سارِوٕے کھۄتہٕ زیٛادٕ مُطالعہٕ کرنہٕ آمٕژ تہٕ تشخیٖص کرنہٕ آمٕژ دٮ۪ماغی بٮ۪مارِ آسنہٕ باووٚجوٗد چھِ زیٛادٕ تر معاملَن مَنٛز صٔحیح وجہ نامعلوٗم۔ جینیٲتی عواملن ہُنٛد تخمینہ چھُ خطرُک تَقریٖبَن 75 فیصد بنان۔ حملس دوران نیکوٹینُک نمٲئش ہیکہِ ماحولیٲتی خطرٕ ٲسِتھ۔ یہِ چھُنہٕ باسان زِ امیُک تعلق چھُنہٕ پرورش یا نظم و ضبطٕک اندازَس سٟتؠ۔ یہٕ چھُ تَقریٖبَن 5-7 فیصد بچن متٲثر کران ییٚلہٕ DSM-IV کِس معیارس ذریعہٕ تشخیص چھُ یوان کرنہٕ تہٕ ICD-10 کِس معیارس ذریعہٕ تشخیص کرنہٕ سٟتؠ چھُ 1-2٪ گژھان۔ 2015 ہَس تام اوس امیُک اندازٕ عالمی سطحَس پؠٹھ تَقریٖبَن 51.1 ملین لُکھ متٲثر کران۔ شرح چھِ ملکن درمیان ہِوی تہٕ زیٛادٕ تر چھُ اَتھ کتھہٕ پؠٹھ منحصر زِ امچ تشخیص کِتھ پأنٹھ چھِ یوان کرنہٕ۔ ADHD چھُ کورین ہنٛدس مقابلس مَنٛز لڑکن مَنٛز تَقریٖبَن دۄگنہٕ زیٛادٕ تشخیص یوان کرنہٕ، حالانکہ یہٕ خرٲبی چھِ اکثر کورین مَنٛز نظر انداز کرنہٕ یوان تِکیٛاز یمن ہنٛز علامات چھِ لڑکن سٟتؠ مختلف آسان۔ لۄکچارس مَنٛز تشخیص گژھن وٲلؠ تَقریٖبَن 30-50 فیصد لوکن مَنٛز چھِ جوانی تام علامات آسان تہٕ 2-5 فیصد بالغن مَنٛز چھِ یہٕ حالت آسان۔ بالغن مَنٛز ہیٚکہِ ہائپر ایکٹیوٹی بدلہٕ اۆنٛدروٗنی بے چینی گژھِتھ۔ تِم چھِ اَکثَر مُقابلہٕ کرنٕچ ہُنَر تیار کران یِم تِہنٛزِ کینٛہہ یا تمام خرٲبی پوٗرٕ چھِ کران۔ باقی حالاتن علاوٕ ہیٚکہٕ یہٕ حالت ونُن مشکل أستھ، سٟتؠ سٟتؠ سرگرمی ہنٛز اعلی سطحن سٟتؠ فرق کرُن یُس ونہٕ تہٕ عام طرزٕ عمل کس حدس مَنٛز چھُ۔

اے ڈی ایچ ڈی کہ انتظامٕچ سفارشہٕ چھےٚ ملکہٕ مُطٲبق مختٔلف آسان تہٕ عام طور پٲٹھؠ چھےٚ مشاورتی طرز زندگی مَنٛز تبدیلی تہٕ دواہن ہنٛد کیٚنٛہہ امتزاج شٲمل آسان۔^[3] برطانوی رہنما خطوط چھ صرف تمن بچن مَنٛز گوڑنچ لائن علاجک پٲنٹھ دواہچ سفارش کران یمن مَنٛز شدید علامات چھ آسان تہٕ یمن مَنٛز اعتدال پسند علامات چھ آسان یمن مَنٛز یا تہٕ انکار چھ کران یا کونسلنگ سٟتؠ بہتر گژھنس مَنٛز ناکام چھ آسان، حالانکہ بالغن خٲطرٕ چھ دواہچ تجویز یوان کرنہٕ۔^[13] کینیڈین تہٕ امریکی رہنما خطوط چھ پری اسکولک عمرک بچن مَنٛز رویہٕ کہ انتظامچ تجویز کران ییلہٕ زن دواہ تہٕ رویہٕ تھراپی یییہٕ ملتھ تجویز کرنہٕ۔^[14]^[15]^[16] محرکاتن سٟتؠ چھ علاج کم کھوتہٕ کم 14 ہن رؠتن تام مؤثر آسان تاہم، یمن ہنٛز طویل مدتی تاثیر چھ نہٕ واضح تہٕ امکؠ ممکنہ سنگین مضر اثرات چھ۔^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

طبی ادبس مَنٛز چھ 18 مہ صدی پیٹھہٕ ADHD ہچ علامات بیان آمت کرنہٕ۔^[24] اے ڈی ایچ ڈی، امچ تشخیص، تہٕ امیُک علاج چھ 1970 کہٕ دہائی پیٹھہٕ متنازعہ سمجھنہٕ یوان۔^[25] تنازعن مَنٛز چھ معالجین، وۄستادس، پالیسی ساز، والدین تہٕ میڈیا شٲمل۔ موضوعاتن مَنٛز چھ ADHD کہ وجوہات تہٕ امکس علاجس مَنٛز محرک ادویاتک اِستِمال شٲمل۔^[26] زیٛادٕ تَر صحتچ دیکھ بھال فراہم کرن وأل چھ ADHD شرؠن تہٕ بڑؠن مَنٛز اَکھ حقیقی عارضہٕ پٲنٹھ قبول کران، تہٕ سائنسی برادری مَنٛز چھ بحث بنیٲدی طور پٲنٹھ اَتھ کتھؠ پؠٹھ مرکوز ز امچ تشخیص تہٕ علاج کتھ پٲنٹھ چھ یوان کرنہٕ۔^[27]^[28]^[29] اَتھ حالتس ٲس باضابطہ طورس پؠٹھ توجہ کس کمی کس عارضہٕ (ADD) کہ ناوٕ سٕتؠ زاننہٕ یوان 1980 پیٹھہٕ 1987 تام، ییلہ زن کہ ایمہ برونٹھ اوس یہٕ بچپنک ہائپرکینٹک رد عمل کہ ناوٕ سٕؠ زاننہٕ یوان۔^[30]^[31]

حَوالہٕ

↑ Sroubek A، Kelly M، Li X (February 2013). "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Bulletin. 29 (1): 103–10. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMC 4440572. PMID 23299717.
↑ Caroline SC, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. Springer Science & Business Media. ص. 133. ISBN 9780387717982. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
↑ ^3٫0 ^3٫1 ^3٫2 "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
↑ ^4٫0 ^4٫1 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
↑ Faraone SV، Rostain AL، Blader J، Busch B، Childress AC، Connor DF، Newcorn JH (February 2019). "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 60 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899. PMID 29624671. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
↑ Tenenbaum RB، Musser ED، Morris S، Ward AR، Raiker JS، Coles EK، Pelham WE (April 2019). "Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 47 (4): 589–603. doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y. PMC 6377355. PMID 30112596.
↑ Lenzi F، Cortese S، Harris J، Masi G (January 2018). "Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 84: 359–367. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010. PMID 28837827. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
↑ "Symptoms and Diagnosis". Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
↑ Dulcan، Mina K.؛ Lake، MaryBeth (2011). [[[:فرما:Google books]] "Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders"] Check |chapter-url= value (مَدَتھ). [[[:فرما:Google books]] Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry] Check |url= value (مَدَتھ) (4th illustrated ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 34. ISBN 978-1-58562-416-4 – via Google Books.
↑ Erskine HE، Norman RE، Ferrari AJ، Chan GC، Copeland WE، Whiteford HA، Scott JG (October 2016). "Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 55 (10): 841–50. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016. PMID 27663939.
↑ Kooij JJ، Bijlenga D، Salerno L، Jaeschke R، Bitter I، Balázs J، et al. (February 2019). "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD". European Psychiatry. 56: 14–34. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001. PMID 30453134.
↑ Walitza S، Drechsler R، Ball J (August 2012). "[The school child with ADHD]" [The school child with ADHD] (PDF). Therapeutische Umschau ( جٔرمَن زَبانہِ مَنٛز). 69 (8): 467–73. doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000316. PMID 22851461. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009). "Pharmacological Treatment". Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE Clinical Guidelines. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. pp. 303–307. ISBN 978-1-85433-471-8. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 – via NCBI Bookshelf.
↑ "Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines" (PDF). Canadian ADHD Alliance. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
↑ "Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
↑ Wolraich، ML؛ Hagan JF، Jr؛ Allan، C؛ Chan، E؛ Davison، D؛ Earls، M؛ Evans، SW؛ Flinn، SK؛ Froehlich، T؛ Frost، J؛ Holbrook، JR (October 2019). "Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 144 (4): e20192528. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528. PMC 7067282. PMID 31570648.
↑ Storebø OJ، Pedersen N، Ramstad E، Kielsholm ML، Nielsen SS، Krogh HB، Moreira-Maia CR، Magnusson FL، Holmskov M، Gerner T، Skoog M، Rosendal S، Groth C، Gillies D، Buch Rasmussen K، Gauci D، Zwi M، Kirubakaran R، Håkonsen SJ، Aagaard L، Simonsen E، Gluud C (May 2018). "Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD012069. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2. PMC 6494554. PMID 29744873.
↑ "NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers". NIMH » Home. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 2019-01-01. Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.
↑ National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE Clinical Guidelines. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. ISBN 978-1-85433-471-8. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 – via NCBI Bookshelf.
↑ Huang YS، Tsai MH (July 2011). "Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge". CNS Drugs. 25 (7): 539–54. doi:10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000. PMID 21699268.
↑ Arnold LE، Hodgkins P، Caci H، Kahle J، et al. (February 2015). "Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0116407. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1016407A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116407. PMC 4340791. PMID 25714373.
↑ Parker J، Wales G، Chalhoub N، Harpin V (September 2013). "The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 6: 87–99. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S49114. PMC 3785407. PMID 24082796. Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period. ... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22
↑ Wigal SB (2009). "Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults". CNS Drugs. 23 Suppl 1: 21–31. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004. PMID 19621975.
↑ Lange KW، Reichl S، Lange KM، Tucha L، Tucha O (December 2010). "The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2 (4): 241–55. doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8. PMC 3000907. PMID 21258430.
↑ Parrillo VN (2008). Encyclopedia of Social Problems. SAGE. ص. 63. ISBN 9781412941655. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
↑ Mayes R، Bagwell C، Erkulwater J (2008). "ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 16 (3): 151–66. doi:10.1080/10673220802167782. PMID 18569037.
↑ Sim MG، Hulse G، Khong E (August 2004). "When the child with ADHD grows up" (PDF). Australian Family Physician. 33 (8): 615–8. PMID 15373378. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015.
↑ Silver LB (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1-58562-131-6.
↑ Schonwald A، Lechner E (April 2006). "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 18 (2): 189–95. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70. PMID 16601502.
↑ Weiss، Lawrence G. (2005). WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. ص. 237. ISBN 978-0-12-564931-5. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
↑ "ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160420080026/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html. Retrieved 5 March 2016.

[pmid23299717-1] Sroubek A، Kelly M، Li X (February 2013). "Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Neuroscience Bulletin. 29 (1): 103–10. doi:10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6. PMC 4440572. PMID 23299717.

[Caroline2010-2] Caroline SC, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology. Springer Science & Business Media. ص. 133. ISBN 9780387717982. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.

[NIH2016-3] 3٫0 ^3٫1 ^3٫2 "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.

[DSM5-4] 4٫0 ^4٫1 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.

[5] Faraone SV، Rostain AL، Blader J، Busch B، Childress AC، Connor DF، Newcorn JH (February 2019). "Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 60 (2): 133–150. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899. PMID 29624671. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.

[6] Tenenbaum RB، Musser ED، Morris S، Ward AR، Raiker JS، Coles EK، Pelham WE (April 2019). "Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 47 (4): 589–603. doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y. PMC 6377355. PMID 30112596.

[7] Lenzi F، Cortese S، Harris J، Masi G (January 2018). "Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 84: 359–367. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010. PMID 28837827. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.

[CDC-8] "Symptoms and Diagnosis". Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.

[Lake2011-9] Dulcan، Mina K.؛ Lake، MaryBeth (2011). [[[:فرما:Google books]] "Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders"] Check |chapter-url= value (مَدَتھ). [[[:فرما:Google books]] Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry] Check |url= value (مَدَتھ) (4th illustrated ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 34. ISBN 978-1-58562-416-4 – via Google Books.

[10] Erskine HE، Norman RE، Ferrari AJ، Chan GC، Copeland WE، Whiteford HA، Scott JG (October 2016). "Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 55 (10): 841–50. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016. PMID 27663939.

[Koo2019-11] Kooij JJ، Bijlenga D، Salerno L، Jaeschke R، Bitter I، Balázs J، et al. (February 2019). "Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD". European Psychiatry. 56: 14–34. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001. PMID 30453134.

[Wal2012-12] Walitza S، Drechsler R، Ball J (August 2012). "[The school child with ADHD]" [The school child with ADHD] (PDF). Therapeutische Umschau ( جٔرمَن زَبانہِ مَنٛز). 69 (8): 467–73. doi:10.1024/0040-5930/a000316. PMID 22851461. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.

[NICE2009-PharmRec-13] National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2009). "Pharmacological Treatment". Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE Clinical Guidelines. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society. pp. 303–307. ISBN 978-1-85433-471-8. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016 – via NCBI Bookshelf.

[CADDRA-14] "Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines" (PDF). Canadian ADHD Alliance. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2011.

[CDC_guideline-15] "Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.

[APP2019-16] Wolraich، ML؛ Hagan JF، Jr؛ Allan، C؛ Chan، E؛ Davison، D؛ Earls، M؛ Evans، SW؛ Flinn، SK؛ Froehlich، T؛ Frost، J؛ Holbrook، JR (October 2019). "Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 144 (4): e20192528. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528. PMC 7067282. PMID 31570648.

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@@ سٕطر 1: / سٕطر 1: @@
-'''توجہ خسار ہایپر ایکٹیوٹی ڈس آرڈر''' (ADHD) چھُ نیورو ڈیولوپمینٹ قسمک اکھ ذہنی عارضہ۔<ref name="pmid23299717">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X|date=February 2013|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Neuroscience Bulletin|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–10|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6|pmc=4440572|pmid=23299717}}</ref><ref name="Caroline2010">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&pg=PA133|title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9780387717982|veditors=Caroline SC|pages=133|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829104348/https://books.google.com/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&pg=PA133&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> امچ خصوصیت چھِ  توجہ دنس منٛز دشوٲری، ضرورت کھوتہٕ زیٛادٕ سرگرمی، تہٕ نتائجن بغأر عمل کرن، یُس نہٕ دیمہٕ صورتہٕ منٛز کنہٕ شخصہٕ سندٕ عمرٕ خاطرٕ موزوں آسہٕ نہٕ۔<ref name="NIH2016">{{ویب حَوالہٕ|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=59–65|edition=5th}}</ref> ADHD سۭتۍ دوچار کنہہ افراد چھ جذباتن منظم کرنس منٛز دۄشوٲری یا انتظامی افعالس سٟتؠ مسائل تہٕ ظٲہِر کران۔<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, Newcorn JH|date=February 2019|title=Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=60|issue=2|pages=133–150|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12899|pmid=29624671|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827233718/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Practitioner-Review%3A-Emotional-dysregulation-in-for-Faraone-Rostain/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE|date=April 2019|title=Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|volume=47|issue=4|pages=589–603|doi=10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y|pmc=6377355|pmid=30112596}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G|date=January 2018|title=Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=84|pages=359–367|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010|pmid=28837827|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104959/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DSM5" /> [[تَشخیٖص (طِب)|تشخیص]] خٲطرٕ، پزٕ علامات کٲسہٕ شخصن بہہ ورین برونٹھ ظٲہر گژھن، شیٚن رؠتن کھۄتہٕ زیٛادٕ روزن، تہٕ کم از کم دۄن ترتیبن منٛز دشواری پٲدٕ کرن (یتھ کٔنۍ سکول، گرٕ، یا تفریحی سرگرمیہٕ) ۔<ref name="CDC">{{ویب حَوالہٕ|website=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)|title=Symptoms and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|publisher=Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=29 September 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202516/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lake2011">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|last=Dulcan|first=Mina K.|last2=Lake|first2=MaryBeth|chapter=Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders|chapter-url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|pages=23|plainurl=yes}}|title=Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books|edition=4th illustrated|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=978-1-58562-416-4|date=2011|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HvTa2nArhOsC&pg=PA34 34]}}</ref> بچن منٛز، توجہ دنک مسائل چھِ سکوٗلچ خراب کارکردگی ہنٛد نتیجہٕ۔<ref name="NIH2016" /> امہٕ علاوٕ، چھُ باقٕے ذہنی خرابین تہٕ منشیاتچ غلط استعمالس سٟتؠ اکھ تعلق۔<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, Scott JG|title=Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A&nbsp;Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=10|pages=841–50|date=October 2016|pmid=27663939|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016}}</ref> اگرچہ یہ خراب گژھنک سبب چھ بنان، خاص طور پٲٹھؠ جدید معاشرس منٛز، ADHD سٟتؠ دوچار واریہ لوکھ ہیکن تمن کامین کن مستقل توجہ دتھ یم تمن دلچسپ یا ثٲبت چھ آسان (یتھ ہایپر فوکس ونان چھ) ۔<ref name="Koo2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, etal|title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=56|pages=14–34|date=February 2019|pmid=30453134|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wal2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J|title=[The school child with ADHD]|language=DE|journal=Therapeutische Umschau|volume=69|issue=8|pages=467–73|date=August 2012|pmid=22851461|doi=10.1024/0040-5930/a000316|trans-title=The school child with ADHD|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110423/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
+'''توجہ خسار ہایپر ایکٹیوٹی ڈس آرڈر''' (ADHD) چھُ نیورو ڈیولوپمینٹ قسمک اَکھ ذہنی عارضہ۔<ref name="pmid23299717">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sroubek A, Kelly M, Li X|date=February 2013|title=Inattentiveness in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Neuroscience Bulletin|volume=29|issue=1|pages=103–10|doi=10.1007/s12264-012-1295-6|pmc=4440572|pmid=23299717}}</ref><ref name="Caroline2010">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|url=https://books.google.com/?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&pg=PA133|title=Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9780387717982|veditors=Caroline SC|pages=133|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829104348/https://books.google.com/books?id=PaO3jsaGkeYC&pg=PA133&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> امچ خصوصیت چھِ  توجہ دنس مَنٛز دشوٲری، ضرورت کھوتہٕ زیٛادٕ سرگرمی، تہٕ نتائجن بغأر عمل کرن، یُس نہٕ دیمہٕ صورتہٕ مَنٛز کنہٕ شخصہٕ سندٕ عمرٕ خاطرٕ موزوں آسہٕ نہٕ۔<ref name="NIH2016">{{ویب حَوالہٕ|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|website=National Institute of Mental Health|access-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archive-date=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="DSM5">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|location=Arlington|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8|pages=59–65|edition=5th}}</ref> ADHD سٟتؠ دوچار کنہہ افراد چھ جذباتن منظم کرنس مَنٛز دۄشوٲری یا انتظامی افعالس سٟتؠ مسائل تہٕ ظٲہِر کران۔<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Blader J, Busch B, Childress AC, Connor DF, Newcorn JH|date=February 2019|title=Practitioner Review: Emotional dysregulation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - implications for clinical recognition and intervention|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|volume=60|issue=2|pages=133–150|doi=10.1111/jcpp.12899|pmid=29624671|access-date=8 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827233718/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Practitioner-Review%3A-Emotional-dysregulation-in-for-Faraone-Rostain/8917161f5885c81c9d4790f6ac76162fc07e0ad7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Morris S, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Pelham WE|date=April 2019|title=Response Inhibition, Response Execution, and Emotion Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology|volume=47|issue=4|pages=589–603|doi=10.1007/s10802-018-0466-y|pmc=6377355|pmid=30112596}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G|date=January 2018|title=Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis|url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=84|pages=359–367|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010|pmid=28837827|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104959/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414373/1/MAIN_TEXT_R1_CLEANED_FINAL.doc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DSM5" /> [[تَشخیٖص (طِب)|تشخیص]] خٲطرٕ، پزٕ علامات کٲسہٕ شخصن بہہ ورین برونٹھ ظٲہر گژھن، شیٚن رؠتن کھۄتہٕ زیٛادٕ روزن، تہٕ کم از کم دۄن ترتیبن مَنٛز دشواری پٲدٕ کرن (یَتھ کٔنؠ سکول، گرٕ، یا تفریحی سرگرمیہٕ) ۔<ref name="CDC">{{ویب حَوالہٕ|website=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)|title=Symptoms and Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|publisher=Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=29 September 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202516/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lake2011">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|last=Dulcan|first=Mina K.|last2=Lake|first2=MaryBeth|chapter=Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders|chapter-url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|pages=23|plainurl=yes}}|title=Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|url={{google books|HvTa2nArhOsC|plainurl=yes}}|via=Google Books|edition=4th illustrated|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|isbn=978-1-58562-416-4|date=2011|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HvTa2nArhOsC&pg=PA34 34]}}</ref> بچن مَنٛز، توجہ دنک مسائل چھِ سکوٗلچ خراب کارکردگی ہنٛد نتیجہٕ۔<ref name="NIH2016" /> امہٕ علاوٕ، چھُ باقٕے ذہنی خرابین تہٕ منشیاتچ غلط استعمالس سٟتؠ اَکھ تعلق۔<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GC, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, Scott JG|title=Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A&nbsp;Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=10|pages=841–50|date=October 2016|pmid=27663939|doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016}}</ref> اگرچہ یہِ خراب گژھنک سبب چھ بنان، خاص طور پٲٹھؠ جدید معاشرس مَنٛز، ADHD سٟتؠ دوچار واریہ لوکھ ہیکن تمن کامین کن مستقل توجہ دتھ یم تمن دلچسپ یا ثٲبت چھ آسان (یَتھ ہایپر فوکس ونان چھ) ۔<ref name="Koo2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kooij JJ, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balázs J, etal|title=Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD|journal=European Psychiatry|volume=56|pages=14–34|date=February 2019|pmid=30453134|doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Wal2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Walitza S, Drechsler R, Ball J|title=[The school child with ADHD]|language=DE|journal=Therapeutische Umschau|volume=69|issue=8|pages=467–73|date=August 2012|pmid=22851461|doi=10.1024/0040-5930/a000316|trans-title=The school child with ADHD|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110423/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/74507/1/Schulkind_mit_ADHS_Final_Manuskript.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-بَچن تہٕ نوعمرن منٛز سارِوٕے کھۄتہٕ زیٛادٕ مُطالعہٕ کرنہٕ آمٕژ تہٕ تشخیٖص کرنہٕ آمٕژ دٮ۪ماغی بٮ۪مارِ آسنہٕ باووٚجوٗد چھِ زیادٕ تر معاملَن منٛز صٔحیح وجہ نامعلوٗم۔ جینیٲتی عواملن ہُنٛد تخمینہ چُھ خطرُک تَقریٖبَن 75 فیصد بنان۔ حملس دوران نیکوٹینُک نمٲئش ہیکہِ ماحولیٲتی خطرٕ ٲسِتھ۔ یہِ چھُنہٕ باسان زِ امیُک تعلق چھُنہٕ پرورش یا نظم و ضبطٕک اندازَس سٟتؠ۔ یہٕ چُھ تقریباً 5-7 فیصد بچن متٲثر کران ییٚلہٕ DSM-IV کِس معیارس ذریعہٕ تشخیص چُھ یوان کرنہٕ تہٕ ICD-10 کِس معیارس ذریعہٕ تشخیص کرنہٕ سۭتۍ چُھ 1-2٪ گژھان۔ 2015 ہَس تام اوس امیُک اندازٕ عالمی سطحَس پٮ۪ٹھ تَقریٖبَن 51.1 ملین لُکھ متٲثر کران۔ شرح چِھ ملکن درمیان ہِوی تہٕ زیادٕ تر چُھ اتھ کتھہٕ پیٹھ منحصر زِ امچ تشخیص کِتھ پأنٹھ چِھ یوان کرنہٕ۔ ADHD چُھ کورین ہنٛدس مقابلس منٛز لڑکن منٛز تَقریٖبَن دۄگنہٕ زیٛادٕ تشخیص یوان کرنہٕ، حالانکہ یہٕ خرٲبی چِھ اکثر کورین منٛز نظر انداز کرنہٕ یوان تِکیٛاز یمن ہنٛز علامات چِھ لڑکن سٟتؠ مختلف آسان۔ لۄکچارس منٛز تشخیص گژھن وٲلۍ تَقریٖبَن 30-50 فیصد لوکن منٛز چھِ جوانی تام علامات آسان تہٕ 2-5 فیصد بالغن منٛز چھِ یہٕ حالت آسان۔ بالغن منز ہیٚکہِ ہائپر ایکٹیوٹی بدلہٕ اندرونی بے چینی گژھِتھ۔ تِم چھِ اَکثَر مُقابلہٕ کرنٕچ ہُنَر تیار کران یِم تِہنٛزِ کینٛہہ یا تمام خرٲبی پوٗرٕ چھِ کران۔ باقی حالاتن علاوٕ ہیٚکہٕ یہٕ حالت ونُن مشکل أستھ، سٟتؠ سٟتؠ سرگرمی ہنٛز اعلی سطحن سٟتؠ فرق کرُن یُس ونہٕ تہٕ عام طرزٕ عمل کس حدس منٛز چُھ۔
+بَچن تہٕ نوعمرن مَنٛز سارِوٕے کھۄتہٕ زیٛادٕ مُطالعہٕ کرنہٕ آمٕژ تہٕ تشخیٖص کرنہٕ آمٕژ دٮ۪ماغی بٮ۪مارِ آسنہٕ باووٚجوٗد چھِ زیٛادٕ تر معاملَن مَنٛز صٔحیح وجہ نامعلوٗم۔ جینیٲتی عواملن ہُنٛد تخمینہ چھُ خطرُک تَقریٖبَن 75 فیصد بنان۔ حملس دوران نیکوٹینُک نمٲئش ہیکہِ ماحولیٲتی خطرٕ ٲسِتھ۔ یہِ چھُنہٕ باسان زِ امیُک تعلق چھُنہٕ پرورش یا نظم و ضبطٕک اندازَس سٟتؠ۔ یہٕ چھُ تَقریٖبَن 5-7 فیصد بچن متٲثر کران ییٚلہٕ DSM-IV کِس معیارس ذریعہٕ تشخیص چھُ یوان کرنہٕ تہٕ ICD-10 کِس معیارس ذریعہٕ تشخیص کرنہٕ سٟتؠ چھُ 1-2٪ گژھان۔ 2015 ہَس تام اوس امیُک اندازٕ عالمی سطحَس پؠٹھ تَقریٖبَن 51.1 ملین لُکھ متٲثر کران۔ شرح چھِ ملکن درمیان ہِوی تہٕ زیٛادٕ تر چھُ اَتھ کتھہٕ پؠٹھ منحصر زِ امچ تشخیص کِتھ پأنٹھ چھِ یوان کرنہٕ۔ ADHD چھُ کورین ہنٛدس مقابلس مَنٛز لڑکن مَنٛز تَقریٖبَن دۄگنہٕ زیٛادٕ تشخیص یوان کرنہٕ، حالانکہ یہٕ خرٲبی چھِ اکثر کورین مَنٛز نظر انداز کرنہٕ یوان تِکیٛاز یمن ہنٛز علامات چھِ لڑکن سٟتؠ مختلف آسان۔ لۄکچارس مَنٛز تشخیص گژھن وٲلؠ تَقریٖبَن 30-50 فیصد لوکن مَنٛز چھِ جوانی تام علامات آسان تہٕ 2-5 فیصد بالغن مَنٛز چھِ یہٕ حالت آسان۔ بالغن مَنٛز ہیٚکہِ ہائپر ایکٹیوٹی بدلہٕ اۆنٛدروٗنی بے چینی گژھِتھ۔ تِم چھِ اَکثَر مُقابلہٕ کرنٕچ ہُنَر تیار کران یِم تِہنٛزِ کینٛہہ یا تمام خرٲبی پوٗرٕ چھِ کران۔ باقی حالاتن علاوٕ ہیٚکہٕ یہٕ حالت ونُن مشکل أستھ، سٟتؠ سٟتؠ سرگرمی ہنٛز اعلی سطحن سٟتؠ فرق کرُن یُس ونہٕ تہٕ عام طرزٕ عمل کس حدس مَنٛز چھُ۔
-اے ڈی ایچ ڈی کہ انتظامٕچ سفارشہٕ چھےٚ ملکہٕ مُطٲبق مختٔلف آسان تہٕ عام طور پٲٹھۍ چھےٚ مشاورتی طرز زندگی منٛز تبدیلی تہٕ دواہن ہنٛد کیٚنٛہہ امتزاج شٲمل آسان۔<ref name="NIH2016" /> برطانوی رہنما خطوط چھ صرف تمن بچن منٛز گوڑنچ لائن علاجک پٲنٹھ دواہچ سفارش کران یمن منٛز شدید علامات چھ آسان تہٕ یمن منٛز اعتدال پسند علامات چھ آسان یمن منٛز یا تہٕ انکار چھ کران یا کونسلنگ سۭتۍ بہتر گژھنس منٛز ناکام چھ آسان، حالانکہ بالغن خٲطرٕ چھ دواہچ تجویز یوان کرنہٕ۔<ref name="NICE2009-PharmRec">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|chapter=Pharmacological Treatment|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/|pages=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/#ch10.s92 303–307]|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> کینیڈین تہٕ امریکی رہنما خطوط چھ پری اسکولک عمرک بچن منٛز رویہٕ کہ انتظامچ تجویز کران ییلہٕ زن دواہ تہٕ رویہٕ تھراپی یییہٕ ملتھ تجویز کرنہٕ۔<ref name="CADDRA">{{ویب حَوالہٕ|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|website=Canadian ADHD Alliance|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222344/https://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC guideline">{{ویب حَوالہٕ|title=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=13 July 2015|date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707181535/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="APP2019">{{Cite journal|last=Wolraich|first=ML|last2=Hagan JF|first2=Jr|last3=Allan|first3=C|last4=Chan|first4=E|last5=Davison|first5=D|last6=Earls|first6=M|last7=Evans|first7=SW|last8=Flinn|first8=SK|last9=Froehlich|first9=T|last10=Frost|first10=J|last11=Holbrook|first11=JR|journal=Pediatrics|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.|date=October 2019|volume=144|issue=4|pages=e20192528|doi=10.1542/peds.2019-2528|pmid=31570648|pmc=7067282}}</ref> محرکاتن سۭتۍ چھ علاج کم کھوتہٕ کم 14 ہن رؠتن تام مؤثر آسان تاہم، یمن ہنٛز طویل مدتی تاثیر چھ نہٕ واضح تہٕ امکۍ ممکنہ سنگین مضر اثرات چھ۔<ref name="StorebøPedersen2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C|date=May 2018|title=Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD012069|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2|pmc=6494554|pmid=29744873}}</ref><ref>{{ویب حَوالہٕ|title=NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers|website=NIMH » Home|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|access-date=2019-01-01|quote=Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184640/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NICE 2009">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Long-Term Outcomes Medications">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huang YS, Tsai MH|title=Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=25|issue=7|pages=539–54|date=July 2011|pmid=21699268|doi=10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000}}</ref><ref name="Long-term 2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S|title=Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|pages=e0116407|date=February 2015|pmid=25714373|pmc=4340791|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116407|display-authors=4|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016407A}}</ref><ref name="Long-term 36">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V|title=The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=6|issue=|pages=87–99|date=September 2013|pmid=24082796|pmc=3785407|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S49114|quote=Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period.&nbsp;... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria.&nbsp;... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22}}</ref><ref name="CNS09">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wigal SB|year=2009|title=Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=23 Suppl 1|pages=21–31|doi=10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004|pmid=19621975}}</ref>&nbsp;
+اے ڈی ایچ ڈی کہ انتظامٕچ سفارشہٕ چھےٚ ملکہٕ مُطٲبق مختٔلف آسان تہٕ عام طور پٲٹھؠ چھےٚ مشاورتی طرز زندگی مَنٛز تبدیلی تہٕ دواہن ہنٛد کیٚنٛہہ امتزاج شٲمل آسان۔<ref name="NIH2016" /> برطانوی رہنما خطوط چھ صرف تمن بچن مَنٛز گوڑنچ لائن علاجک پٲنٹھ دواہچ سفارش کران یمن مَنٛز شدید علامات چھ آسان تہٕ یمن مَنٛز اعتدال پسند علامات چھ آسان یمن مَنٛز یا تہٕ انکار چھ کران یا کونسلنگ سٟتؠ بہتر گژھنس مَنٛز ناکام چھ آسان، حالانکہ بالغن خٲطرٕ چھ دواہچ تجویز یوان کرنہٕ۔<ref name="NICE2009-PharmRec">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|chapter=Pharmacological Treatment|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/|pages=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53654/#ch10.s92 303–307]|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> کینیڈین تہٕ امریکی رہنما خطوط چھ پری اسکولک عمرک بچن مَنٛز رویہٕ کہ انتظامچ تجویز کران ییلہٕ زن دواہ تہٕ رویہٕ تھراپی یییہٕ ملتھ تجویز کرنہٕ۔<ref name="CADDRA">{{ویب حَوالہٕ|title=Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines|url=http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|website=Canadian ADHD Alliance|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222344/https://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011Introduction.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CDC guideline">{{ویب حَوالہٕ|title=Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=13 July 2015|date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707181535/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="APP2019">{{Cite journal|last=Wolraich|first=ML|last2=Hagan JF|first2=Jr|last3=Allan|first3=C|last4=Chan|first4=E|last5=Davison|first5=D|last6=Earls|first6=M|last7=Evans|first7=SW|last8=Flinn|first8=SK|last9=Froehlich|first9=T|last10=Frost|first10=J|last11=Holbrook|first11=JR|journal=Pediatrics|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents.|date=October 2019|volume=144|issue=4|pages=e20192528|doi=10.1542/peds.2019-2528|pmid=31570648|pmc=7067282}}</ref> محرکاتن سٟتؠ چھ علاج کم کھوتہٕ کم 14 ہن رؠتن تام مؤثر آسان تاہم، یمن ہنٛز طویل مدتی تاثیر چھ نہٕ واضح تہٕ امکؠ ممکنہ سنگین مضر اثرات چھ۔<ref name="StorebøPedersen2018">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C|date=May 2018|title=Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD012069|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2|pmc=6494554|pmid=29744873}}</ref><ref>{{ویب حَوالہٕ|title=NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers|website=NIMH » Home|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|access-date=2019-01-01|quote=Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184640/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mta-questions-and-answers.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NICE 2009">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults|last=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health|series=NICE Clinical Guidelines|volume=72|publisher=British Psychological Society|location=Leicester|isbn=978-1-85433-471-8|date=2009|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|via=NCBI Bookshelf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/|archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Long-Term Outcomes Medications">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Huang YS, Tsai MH|title=Long-term outcomes with medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current status of knowledge|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=25|issue=7|pages=539–54|date=July 2011|pmid=21699268|doi=10.2165/11589380-000000000-00000}}</ref><ref name="Long-term 2015">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S|title=Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=2|pages=e0116407|date=February 2015|pmid=25714373|pmc=4340791|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0116407|display-authors=4|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1016407A}}</ref><ref name="Long-term 36">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V|title=The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Psychology Research and Behavior Management|volume=6|issue=|pages=87–99|date=September 2013|pmid=24082796|pmc=3785407|doi=10.2147/PRBM.S49114|quote=Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period.&nbsp;... Only one paper examining outcomes beyond 36 months met the review criteria.&nbsp;... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22}}</ref><ref name="CNS09">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wigal SB|year=2009|title=Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=23 Suppl 1|pages=21–31|doi=10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004|pmid=19621975}}</ref>&nbsp;
-طبی ادبس منٛز چھ 18 مہ صدی پیٹھہٕ ADHD ہچ علامات بیان آمت کرنہٕ۔<ref name="Lange Reichl 2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|date=December 2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> اے ڈی ایچ ڈی، امچ تشخیص، تہٕ امیُک علاج چھ 1970 کہٕ دہائی پیٹھہٕ متنازعہ سمجھنہٕ یوان۔<ref name="Parrillo 2008 63">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|title=Encyclopedia of Social Problems|vauthors=Parrillo VN|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412941655|pages=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|access-date=2 May 2009|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104002705/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|url-status=live}}</ref> تنازعن منٛز چھ معالجین، وۄستادس، پالیسی ساز، والدین تہٕ میڈیا شٲمل۔ موضوعاتن منٛز چھ ADHD کہ وجوہات تہٕ امکس علاجس منٛز محرک ادویاتک استعمال شٲمل۔<ref name="May2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J|title=ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–66|date=2008|pmid=18569037|doi=10.1080/10673220802167782}}</ref> زیٛادٕ تَر صحتچ دیکھ بھال فراہم کرن وأل چھ ADHD شرؠن تہٕ بڑؠن منٛز اکھ حقیقی عارضہٕ پٲنٹھ قبول کران، تہٕ سائنسی برادری منٛز چھ بحث بنیٲدی طور پٲنٹھ اتھ کتھۍ پیٹھ مرکوز ز امچ تشخیص تہٕ علاج کتھ پٲنٹھ چھ یوان کرنہٕ۔<ref name="Sim">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E|title=When the child with ADHD grows up|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=33|issue=8|pages=615–8|date=August 2004|pmid=15373378|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Online">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|vauthors=Silver LB|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|edition=3rd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58562-131-6|pages=4–7}}</ref><ref name="Schonwald">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schonwald A, Lechner E|title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=189–95|date=April 2006|pmid=16601502|doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70}}</ref> اتھ حالتس ٲس باضابطہ طورس پیٹھ توجہ کس کمی کس عارضہٕ (ADD) کہ ناوٕ سٕتۍ زاننہٕ یوان 1980 پیٹھہٕ 1987 تام، ییلہ زن کہ ایمہ برونٹھ اوس یہٕ '''بچپنک ہائپرکینٹک رد عمل''' کہ ناوٕ سٕۍ زاننہٕ یوان۔<ref name="We2005">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|last=Weiss|first=Lawrence G.|title=WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-564931-5|pages=237|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&pg=PA237|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116095548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&pg=PA237|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|accessdate=5 March 2016|agency=Frontline|publisher=PBS|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420080026/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|archivedate=20 April 2016}}</ref>
+طبی ادبس مَنٛز چھ 18 مہ صدی پیٹھہٕ ADHD ہچ علامات بیان آمت کرنہٕ۔<ref name="Lange Reichl 2010">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O|title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|journal=Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders|volume=2|issue=4|pages=241–55|date=December 2010|pmid=21258430|pmc=3000907|doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> اے ڈی ایچ ڈی، امچ تشخیص، تہٕ امیُک علاج چھ 1970 کہٕ دہائی پیٹھہٕ متنازعہ سمجھنہٕ یوان۔<ref name="Parrillo 2008 63">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|title=Encyclopedia of Social Problems|vauthors=Parrillo VN|year=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412941655|pages=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|access-date=2 May 2009|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104002705/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRGr_B4Y1CEC|url-status=live}}</ref> تنازعن مَنٛز چھ معالجین، وۄستادس، پالیسی ساز، والدین تہٕ میڈیا شٲمل۔ موضوعاتن مَنٛز چھ ADHD کہ وجوہات تہٕ امکس علاجس مَنٛز محرک ادویاتک اِستِمال شٲمل۔<ref name="May2008">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Mayes R, Bagwell C, Erkulwater J|title=ADHD and the rise in stimulant use among children|journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=3|pages=151–66|date=2008|pmid=18569037|doi=10.1080/10673220802167782}}</ref> زیٛادٕ تَر صحتچ دیکھ بھال فراہم کرن وأل چھ ADHD شرؠن تہٕ بڑؠن مَنٛز اَکھ حقیقی عارضہٕ پٲنٹھ قبول کران، تہٕ سائنسی برادری مَنٛز چھ بحث بنیٲدی طور پٲنٹھ اَتھ کتھؠ پؠٹھ مرکوز ز امچ تشخیص تہٕ علاج کتھ پٲنٹھ چھ یوان کرنہٕ۔<ref name="Sim">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sim MG, Hulse G, Khong E|title=When the child with ADHD grows up|journal=Australian Family Physician|volume=33|issue=8|pages=615–8|date=August 2004|pmid=15373378|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083931/http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200408/20040803sim.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Online">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|vauthors=Silver LB|title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|edition=3rd|year=2004|isbn=978-1-58562-131-6|pages=4–7}}</ref><ref name="Schonwald">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Schonwald A, Lechner E|title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: complexities and controversies|journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics|volume=18|issue=2|pages=189–95|date=April 2006|pmid=16601502|doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000193302.70882.70}}</ref> اَتھ حالتس ٲس باضابطہ طورس پؠٹھ توجہ کس کمی کس عارضہٕ (ADD) کہ ناوٕ سٕتؠ زاننہٕ یوان 1980 پیٹھہٕ 1987 تام، ییلہ زن کہ ایمہ برونٹھ اوس یہٕ '''بچپنک ہائپرکینٹک رد عمل''' کہ ناوٕ سٕؠ زاننہٕ یوان۔<ref name="We2005">{{کِتاب حَوالہٕ|last=Weiss|first=Lawrence G.|title=WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation scientist-practitioner perspectives|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-564931-5|pages=237|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&pg=PA237|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116095548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg9U9e_ICr8C&pg=PA237|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ADHD: The Diagnostic Criteria|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|accessdate=5 March 2016|agency=Frontline|publisher=PBS|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420080026/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/medicating/adhd/diagnostic.html|archivedate=20 April 2016}}</ref>